How Can Potential Energy Be Changed Into Kinetic Energy

Energy Transfer Experiment: Gravitational Potential Energy to Kinetic Free energy

Does a falling object have potential energy or kinetic free energy or both? In other potential free energy experiments, nosotros demonstrated the Law of Conservation of Energy: energy can neither be created nor destroyed, just instead, energy transfers from one form to another. In this investigation, we will accept a expect at the role of gravity in energy transfer. This investigation aligns with NGSS MS-PS3-i and MS-PS3-v and can exist scaled up for high school students to accost HS-PS3-1 and HS-PS3-2.

NGSS Alignment: MS-PS3-one

The disciplinary core idea behind this standard is PS2.A: Definitions of Energy. It specifically looks at free energy in motion (kinetic energy) and its human relationship with the mass of the object in motion and the speed of the object. In the setup of the lab, students use a cart traveling down to examination how changing the cart's changing speed volition affect its kinetic free energy and how changing the mass of the cart will modify its kinetic energy. A PocketLab Voyager is placed on either the bicycle of the cart or straight on tiptop of the cart, in order to measure its speed equally information technology travels down a ramp.

At different points downwardly the ramp, students calculate the gravitational potential energy and the kinetic free energy of the cart. In their calculations they will understand the human relationship between GPE and KE, helping them with a deeper understanding of concepts in energy conservation, and Crosscutting Concepts, Scale Proportion, and Quantity. Int he crosscutting concepts (specifically how mass and velocity relate to kinetic energy and how mass and height relate to gravitational potential free energy). For every run, students must use the Scientific discipline and Engineering Do, Analyzing and Interpreting Information, to procedure how the irresolute variables affect the collected velocity data and the calculated kinetic energy data. In the data analysis, students must besides testify in tables and graphs how the potential and kinetic energy changes in relation to the distance the cart has traveled, the speed of the cart, and the mass of the cart.

MS-PS2-2: Construct and translate graphical displays of data to depict the relationship between kinetic free energy to the mass of an object and the speed of the object.

The standard is broken downward into the three NGSS pillars below:
Science and Engineering Practices  - Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Disciplinary Core Ideas  - PS3.A Definitions of Energy
Crosscutting Concepts  - Scale, Proportion, and Quantity

Introduction

Potential energy is free energy that is stored in an object. Potential energy tin transfer into other forms of free energy like kinetic energy. Kinetic free energy is free energy an object has because of its move.

A ball held in the air, for instance, has gravitational potential energy. If released, as the ball moves faster and faster toward the footing, the strength of gravity will transfer the potential energy to kinetic energy. The higher the ball, the more gravitational potential energy -- it will fall longer and faster as it accelerates toward the earth.

Now, if two assurance are dropped from the same summit, merely one has more mass, which ball volition require more energy to stop? Which brawl, therefore, has more kinetic energy?

We can prove this with a science experiment using your PocketLab.

Objective

In this experiment, students will:

1. Gather evidence and data to support the Police force of Conservation of Energy.
2. Collect data to calculate the amount of energy in a system at different moments.
3. Decide how the total energy in a organization is cleaved up into different types of free energy at different moments and how that is related to the law of conservation of energy.
4. Determine how the mass of a cart affects its gravitational potential free energy and kinetic free energy as it rolls down a ramp.

Materials

1. Sensor: PocketLab Voyager or PocketLab One
2. Cart: PocketLab HotRod, cart kit, physics cart, Hot Wheels car, or any other small toy car
3. Ramp, homemade or available every bit a kit with adaptable angle
4. Mass set
5. Scale
6. Measuring record

Formulas and Key Words

Define the following:

• Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
• Kinetic Energy (KE)
• Velocity (v)
• Law of Conservation of Energy
• Total Free energy (TE)
• Thermal Energy (Therm E)
• Friction

Formulas for lab:

GPE = mgh
KE = ½ mv^2

Hypothesis

Write a prediction to answer the post-obit question: If the mass of the cart is increased, how will the cart's GPE, KE, TE, and Velocity be affected as the cart rolls down the ramp?  Explicate your hypothesis with either background noesis about energy, forces, and move and/or information gathered in the introduction and diagrams below.

Procedure

To measure position and velocity, use either the VelocityLab App (PocketLab Ane or PocketLab Voyager) or the infrared rangefinder sensor (PocketLab Voyager only).

Infrared Rangefinder (PocketLab Voyager)

Follow the steps below:

• Become to the PocketLab Web App (in a Chrome browser) using the following address: thepocketlab.com/app or open up the PocketLab mobile app.
• For instruction on how to use the PocketLab Web App go here.
• Click on the "Change Graph" icon. Click "Rangefinder" and "Rangefinder Velocity".
• When setting up your cart and ramp, you'll need to make sure the rangefinder has a "wall" (a cardboard box volition do) at the bottom of the ramp to give the rangefinder a articulate signal.

Instance of PocketLab Voyager on cart measuring position and velocity with IR Rangefinder at different points down the ramp

VelocityLab App (PocketLab Voyager or PocketLab I)

Follow the steps below:

• Go to the VelocityLab Spider web App (in a Chrome browser) using the following address: thepocketlab.com/app and on the first menu click on the "Connect to VelocityLab" push. On iOS, use the VelocityLab app available in the App Store.
• Turn on the PocketLab Voyager past clicking the push button on the top.
• For instruction on how to use the PocketLab Spider web App go here
• Follow the prompts on the VelocityLab setup wizard.
• Click on the "Change Graph" icon. Click to view "Position" and "Velocity".

Example of PocketLab on cart measuring position and velocity at different points down a ramp with PocketLab's VelocityLab App

Collecting Evidence (Data and Observation)

Control Variables for Every Run

For every new run, yous will alter the contained variable just keep a fix of control variables the same. This is to make certain the experiment is accurate. Record these control variables below:

Control Variables
Angle of ramp
Height of cart at top of ramp
Distance cart will travel downwards the ramp

Independent Variables for Every Run
For every run y'all will be testing an independent variable. You lot will modify the value o this variable to see how the modify affects your dependent variables, measured in your data and seen in your observations.

Contained Variable

Mass of cart

Information Collection for Run 1
Find the mass of the cart with the PocketLab fastened and record information technology equally the value of your Independent Variable for Run one.

Contained Variable
Mass of cart

Run 1 Observations

• Gear up the cart at the top of the ramp according to your command variables
• Begin recording data for Trial ane.
• Whorl the cart down the ramp.
• Use the data to fill out the following tabular array for Trial 1
• Repeat steps for Trials 2 and 3.
• Record whatever overall observations in the Run ane: Observations section above.

Run ane - Trial 1
Peak of cart (thou)
Displacement (m)
Velocity (one thousand/due south)
GPE (J)
KE (J)

Run i - Trial 2
Tiptop of cart (m)
Displacement (m)
Velocity (1000/due south)
GPE (J)
KE (J)

Run 1 - Trial three
Height of cart (m)
Displacement (k)
Velocity (m/s)
GPE (J)
KE (J)

Data Collection for Run 2

Add together a mass from your mass set to the cart. Find the new mass of the cart with PocketLab and added mass and record it as the value of your Independent Variable for Run 2.

Independent Variable
Mass of cart

Run 2 Observations

• Set up the cart at the top of the ramp according to your control variables
• Begin recording data for Trial ane.
• Ringlet the cart down the ramp.
• Utilise the information to fill out the following table for Trial 1
• Repeat steps for Trials 2 and iii.
• Tape any overall observations in the Run ii: Observations department above.

Run two - Trial 1
Height of cart (m)
Displacement (chiliad)
Velocity (chiliad/s)
GPE (J)
KE (J)

Run two - Trial 2
Height of cart (g)
Deportation (k)
Velocity (m/s)
GPE (J)
KE (J)

Run 2 - Trial 3
Height of cart (grand)
Displacement (thou)
Velocity (m/south)
GPE (J)
KE (J)

Data Collection for Run 3

Add a mass from your mass set to the cart. Find the new mass of the cart with PocketLab and added mass and record it equally the value of your Independent Variable for Run 3.

Independent Variable
Mass of cart

Run three Observations

• Prepare the cart at the top of the ramp according to your control variables
• Brainstorm recording information for Trial i.
• Roll the cart down the ramp.-Use the data to fill out the following tabular array for Trial one
• Echo steps for Trials two and 3.
• Record any overall observations in the Run 3: Observations department higher up.

Run 3 - Trial ane
Height of cart (thousand)
Displacement (m)
Velocity (m/s)
GPE (J)
KE (J)

Run 3 - Trial 2
Height of cart (m)
Displacement (m)
Velocity (m/due south)
GPE (J)
KE (J)

Run 3 - Trial 3
Superlative of cart (m)
Deportation (m)
Velocity (m/due south)
GPE (J)
KE (J)

Data Analysis

Average the trials from each run beneath. Leave the bottom two rows of each table empty for now.

Run 1 Average
Height of cart (m)
Displacement (m)
Velocity (m/s)
GPE (J)
KE (J)

Run 2 Average
Height of cart (m)
Displacement (m)
Velocity (m/due south)
GPE (J)
KE (J)

Run three Average
Height of cart (m)
Displacement (grand)
Velocity (grand/s)
GPE (J)
KE (J)

Data Analysis Questions

• Look at the average information for Run 1. Add together the GPE and KE at every location. Is the total energy of the system equal to just the GPE plus the KE? If that is the case, what is happening to the total energy in the organisation? Does this match the Constabulary of Conservation of Energy? Explain.
• Something is missing in this data model. Wait dorsum at the formulas and keywords. Explain what is missing and how information technology relates to the Constabulary of Conservation of Energy.
• Using the averages for each run, find the missing data and add it to the data tables above. At present find the total energy (TE) in the arrangement at each point and add it to the data tables also. Use the empty rows to add the new data.
• Draw a series of bar graphs for each Run Average showing the distribution of energy and total energy at each location on the ramp.
• Looking at the bar graphs, what pattern do you notice?
• Did the average velocity for each location change much betwixt the runs?
  

Conclusion and Lab Study

Pick ane: Write a concluding paragraph that answers the Conclusion Questions at the bottom of the page.
Selection 2: Write a full lab report for this lab activeness. A lab report is a nifty way to summarize how you conducted your experiment and tested your hypothesis, the data collected, and whatsoever conclusions you can describe about the scientific question that was tested. In your lab report include:

1. Your original hypothesis from the beginning of the lab (in this case a description of your sketches).
2. The objectives or scientific questions you lot wanted to reply with the lab activity
3. What materials yous used in the experiment.
4. A detailed description of how the lab was set up up and how y'all tested your hypothesis.
5. A summary of your data and the answers to your information analysis questions.
6. Any observations you made with your group.
7. A decision that answers the Conclusion Questions below.

Conclusion Questions

• Look back at your hypothesis from the beginning of the lab. Was your hypothesis was valid or invalid? Why or why not? Back up your reply with data/evidence collected from the lab experiment and scientific reasoning virtually energy, forces, and motility.
• GPE: Draw the relationship betwixt an object's height and its gravitational potential free energy? Did yous come across evidence of this relationship in information nerveless? Explain.
• GPE: Describe the relationship betwixt an object'due south mass and its gravitational potential energy? Did you encounter evidence of this human relationship in data collected? Explain.
• KE: Describe the relationship between an object's mass and its kinetic free energy? Did you lot see evidence of this relationship in data collected? Explain.
• KE: Draw the relationship betwixt an object's velocity and its kinetic free energy? Did you see evidence of this human relationship in information collected? Explain.
• Velocity: In the today'due south scenario, depict the relationship betwixt an object's mass and its velocity? Did yous see show of this relationship in data collected? Explain.
• Velocity and KE: Think about a large bus and a small motorcar traveling at the same velocity. Which vehicle can practise more impairment in a crash? Explicate your reply using data collected in today's lab activity.
• Thermal Energy: Rub your hands together slowly for 10 seconds and and then identify your palms on your face. Rub your hands together apace for ten seconds and place your palms on your face. Do you lot feel a deviation in thermal free energy? How does this relate to the kinetic energy of the cart and the thermal energy produced in the organisation? Explain.
• Thinking especially about the bar graphs drawn in the data analysis section, did the data/evidence collected and observations fabricated during the lab activity support the law of conservation of energy? Explain.

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Example Educatee Lab Study and Data

Hypothesis

If the mass of the cart increases, I predict the cart'due south GPE, KE, TE, and Velocity will all increment. I believe the added mass will make the cart get faster down the ramp which will also crusade the KE of the cart to increase because KE = 1/2 mv^2. I believe the GPE will increase because the equation for GPE (GPE = mgh) shows that increasing either the mass or the elevation of the object will increase the GPE. I believe the TE of the cart will increase because both the GPE and KE will increase.

Objectives

1. Gather testify and data to support the Law of Conservation of Energy.
2. Collect data to calculate the amount of energy in a organization at different moments.
3. Determine how the total energy in a organization is broken upwardly into different types of energy at different moments and how that is related to the Law of Conservation of Energy.
4. Decide how the mass of a cart affects its gravitational potential free energy and kinetic energy as it rolls down a ramp.

Materials

1. PocketLab Voyager
2. PocketLab HotRod
3. Ramp
4. Mass prepare
5. Scale
6. Measuring tape

Description

Using PocketLab Voyager and the VelocityLab App, we ran the cart down the ramp starting .50 thousand up the ramp. The summit of the cart (measured directly from the ground) at .50 m up the ramp was 0.12 m. I quarter of the mode downward the ramp, the summit of the cart was 0.08 k, 1/ii downward the ramp it was .06 1000, 3/four of the way down the ramp it was 0.03m, and all the manner down the ramp was 0.0 m. This data, along with the mass of the cart was used to summate the GPE of the cart at unlike locations. Using the Position and Velocity information from VelocityLab, nosotros found the velocity of the cart 1/four, i/ii, 3/4, and all the way down the ramp. This was used to summate the KE of the cart. Nosotros conducted three runs for this experiment. At each run nosotros increased the mass of the cart to see how it afflicted the GPE, KE, Velocity, and TE of the cart. For each run we conducted three trials and averaged our results. For our "Resultant Visualization" nosotros compared the increase in the cart's mass to the average KE of the cart at the lesser of the ramp for each run.

Collecting Show: Data and Observations

Run ane

Independent Variable
Mass of cart	0.176 kg

Run 1 Observations The velocity data i/four, i/two, iii/iv, and all the fashion down the ramp were fairly consequent across the three trials. The GPE of the cart was the same beyond trials. The KE of the cart was also consistent beyond trials. The resultant data listed here is the average top KE at the bottom of the ramp across all 3 trials. Resultant for Data Visualization: KE at bottom of ramp = 0.071 J

Run one Trial 3 (Velocity at bottom of ramp = 0.90 one thousand/s)

Run 2

Independent Variable
Mass of cart	0.215 kg

Run ii Observations Every bit the cart traveled downwards the ramp, nosotros noticed that the velocities at different points didn't alter much from the data in Trial one. The added mass didn't seem to have an affect on the velocity of the cart as it went down the ramp. The Kinetic Energy calculated increased, but that seemed to exist a result of the increasing mass in the equation, not an increase in Velocity. The resultant shows the boilerplate Kinetic Energy of the cart at the bottom of the ramp. Resultant for Information Visualization: KE at bottom of ramp = 0.092 J

Run ii Trial iii (Velocity at lesser of ramp = 0.94 m/s)

Run 3

Independent Variable
Mass of cart	0.258 kg

Run 3 Observations Similar to Run ii, the added mass did not affect the velocity of the cart at any point. The GPE and KE of the cart increased as the mass increased compared with Runs 1 and 2. The resultant data is the boilerplate KE of the cart at the lesser of the ramp. Resultant for Data Visualization: KE at bottom of ramp = 0.111 J

Run 3 Trial 3 (Velocity at bottom of ramp = 0.95 m/s)

Data Assay

We averaged our results across all trials for each run. The results are in our included data tables. When looking at the average data for Run ane, nosotros determined that calculation the GPE and KE at every location did not give united states of america the Total Free energy in the system. Data was missing. The total free energy should stay the same throughout the cart's trip downward the ramp, because energy does non only disappear. It can modify grade but not exist destroyed. This means some of the GPE was not but transferring to KE. Some was as well transferring to another type of energy.

Looking back at our Key Words from the beginning of the lab, nosotros adamant some of the free energy was transferring to Thermal Energy through the process of Friction. By subtracting the GPE and the KE from what should be the Full Energy at each location we were able to decide an gauge value for the Thermal Energy at each location. We added this to our information tables for each Run boilerplate.

We then drew bar graphs breaking downwardly the type of energy at each location for each of the Run averages. Nosotros noticed that no thing what, the bar graph for Total Energy was ever equal to the sum of the bar graphs for GPE, KE, and Thermal Free energy. The values of those bar graphs changed betwixt those three types of energy, simply their sum was always the same. When the mass increased in Runs 2 and iii, the Full Energy increased, but the pattern shown in the bar graphs was the aforementioned. Increasing mass had no effect on velocity information however.

Run i Boilerplate
Acme of cart (1000)	0.12	0.08	0.06	0.03	0.00
Displacement (g)	0.000	0.123	0.253	0.737	0.500
Velocity (m/s)	0	0.433	0.650	0.787	0.900
GPE (J)	0.207	0.138	0.103	0.052	0.000
KE (J)	0.000	0.017	0.037	0.054	0.071
Therm. Energy (J)	0.000	0.052	0.067	0.101	0.136
Full Energy	0.207	0.207	0.207	0.207	0.207

Run 2 Average
Height of cart (m)	0.12	0.08	0.06	0.03	0.00
Deportation (thousand)	0.000	0.123	0.253	0.377	0.503
Velocity (thousand/due south)	0.000	0.453	0.663	0.813	0.927
GPE (J)	0.253	0.169	0.126	0.063	0.000
KE (J)	0.000	0.022	0.047	0.071	0.092
Therm. Energy (J)	0.000	0.062	0.080	0.119	0.161
Total Energy	0.253	0.253	0.253	0.253	0.253

Run 3 Average
Pinnacle of cart (m)	0.12	0.08	0.06	0.03	0.00
Displacement (m)	0.000	0.123	0.257	0.373	0.500
Velocity (m/s)	0.000	0.457	0.667	0.810	0.927
GPE (J)	0.303	0.202	0.152	0.076	0.000
KE (J)	0.000	0.027	0.057	0.085	0.192
Therm. Free energy (J)	0.000	0.074	0.121	0.142	0.192
Total Free energy	0.303	0.303	0.303	0.303	0.303

Resultant Data Visualization: Mass of the cart compared to boilerplate Kinetic Energy of the cart at the bottom of the ramp.

Conclusion

Afterward examining the data, parts of our hypothesis from the beginning of the lab are invalid while some parts are valid. We predicted that increasing the mass would increment the velocity of the cart and the KE of the cart. Increasing the mass of the cart had no effect on the velocity of the cart, and while the KE did increase, this was because of the increase in mass, not an increase in velocity, which is what we predicted. We believe the increased mass of the cart had no consequence on the velocity because gravity accelerates all objects almost Earth's surface at approximately the aforementioned rate, regardless of mass. We were correct in predicting that the increase in mass would increase the GPE of the cart because increasing either mass or height increases GPE. We were also right in predicting that the Total Energy would increase because of the increase in GPE.

Source: https://archive.thepocketlab.com/educators/lesson/potential-energy-kinetic-energy-experiment-gravity

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